Urban economic growth not only relies on the inputs of capital, labor and other factors, but also relies on both the “decentralization, regulation innovation, and services optimal” reform (“the DRISO reform” for short) and the construction of urban environment for doing business (“the UEDB construction”). Through the conceptual analysis of the DRISO reform and the UEDB construction, combined with the policy tools’ analysis of the DRISO reform and the scientific dimensions’ definition of the UEDB construction, this paper establishes a theoretical framework for the DRISO reform and the UEDB construction on urban economic growth. Meanwhile, based on evaluating the construction levels of urban environment for doing business in China’s 35 typical cities during 2003-2019 using the entropy method, combined with regression analysis, endogeneity treatment, and heterogeneity analysis, this paper analyzes the empirical relationships of the DRISO reform, the UEDB construction and urban economic growth from the perspective of total quantity and speed. Conclusions show that the UEDB construction will play an important role in urban economic growth, and the DRISO reform will promote urban economic growth through the optimization of the UEDB construction. Policy recommendations include: first, further promoting the DRISO reform and focusing on fully utilizing the effectiveness of its policy tools; Second, efforts should be made from both the subject and object of the UEDB construction to promote its overall level; Third, make multiple efforts to promote the deep integration of “decentralization”, “regulation innovation”, and “services optimal”, and further improve the levels of different scientific dimensions of the UEDB construction.