日益加剧的居住空间分异是中国城市面临的重要现实问题。以“社会—空间”关系为理论视角,梳理国际居住空间分异研究进展,总结居住空间分异的形成机制,以期为分析及应对中国居住空间分异问题提供参考。研究发现,20世纪初期以来,居住空间分异研究的主流理论——传统芝加哥学派将空间视为社会的产物,认为具有不同社会经济特征的群体在地理空间中的差异化分布是居住空间分异的核心特征,空间分化作为社会分化的空间表征而出现。20世纪80年代出现的邻里效应理论和20世纪90年代提出的领土污名化理论则分别关注空间分化塑造的社会隔离效应和主观隔离效应,认为社会分化也是居住空间分异的核心特征,强调空间具有塑造社会的能动性。已有研究证明,居住空间分异的形成机制存在“社会—空间”互嵌关系。为实现以人为本、公平共享的中国新型城镇化,未来中国居住空间分异研究应更多地关注空间分化的社会效应分析,探索基于社会和空间互嵌关系的居住空间分异理论解释和应对策略。
The increasing prominence of residential differentiation in Chinese cities raises significant theoretical and practical concerns. This paper adopts the theoretical perspective of the “social-spatial” relationship to review international studies on residential differentiation and identify its underlying mechanisms. The aim is to establish a framework that supports research and strategies addressing residential differentiation in China. Since the early 20th century, the traditional Chicago School has been the dominant theory in residential differentiation research. It considers space as a societal product, with the differentiated distribution of groups with different socioeconomic characteristics being the central characteristic and a spatial manifestation of social separation. The neighborhood effect theory, developed in the 1980s, and territorial stigmatization, proposed in the 1990s, emphasize the influence of space on society. They respectively focus on objective and subjective segregation resulting from spatial separation. Both theories highlight social separation as another key factor in residential differentiation. Current international studies reveal an interconnected “social-spatial” relationship in the mechanisms leading to residential differentiation. To achieve a new urbanization process in China that is “people-oriented” and promotes “equitable sharing,” future research on residential differentiation should place greater emphasis on the social effects of spatial separation. It should explore theoretical explanations and strategies to address residential differentiation by considering the interdependence between social and spatial factors.
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