北京西山地区传统聚落处于首都城市空间、西部山地生态空间与永定河—京西古道文化网络的交叠地带,多重外部压力使其保护发展呈现出地域差异和跨域治理矛盾。以北京西山221处传统聚落为对象,基于政策规划文本、聚落相关文献和既有调研成果,构建“外部压力—地域系统失衡—治理困境—协同回应”分析框架。研究结果表明,城市功能外溢、生态文化管控、人口流动和文旅介入,通过区位条件、廊道联系、生态约束与社区基础的差异化作用,使山前城郊型聚落面临更新与保护冲突,河谷古道型聚落面临文化网络与行政边界错位,深山区型聚落面临生态保护与生活功能维持之间的矛盾。地域价值识别割裂、资源向重点节点集中、外部功能脱离村民生活及全过程反馈不足,进一步形成了“要素分割—边界错位—廊道断裂—功能失衡—反馈失效”的传导链条。据此,应开展地域价值联合识别,构建西山地区“区域—廊道—聚落”三级治理单元,实行分类型功能准入和保护收益共享,以多主体协商与动态评估贯通规划、建设、运营和维护,推动单村项目保护向地域系统协同治理转变。

Traditional settlements in the Beijing Western Hills are located at the intersection of the capital’s urban space, the ecological space of the western mountainous area, and the cultural network formed by the Yongding River and the ancient routes of western Beijing. Multiple external pressures have resulted in pronounced regional differentiation and conflicts in governance across administrative boundaries during the conservation and development of these settlements. Taking 221 traditional settlements in the Beijing Western Hills as the research objects, this study draws on policy and planning documents, literature on traditional settlements, and existing field investigation findings to construct an analytical framework of “external pressures-regional system imbalance-governance dilemmas-collaborative responses.” The results show that urban functional spillover, ecological and cultural regulation, population mobility, and tourism intervention interact differently with locational conditions, corridor connections, ecological constraints, and community foundations. Consequently, settlements in the piedmont areas near the city face conflicts between renewal and conservation; settlements along river valleys and ancient routes experience mismatches between cultural networks and administrative boundaries; and settlements in remote mountainous areas confront tensions between ecological conservation and the maintenance of everyday living functions. Fragmented identification of regional values, concentration of resources in key nodes, the disconnection of externally introduced functions from residents’ daily lives, and insufficient feedback throughout the governance process further generate a transmission chain characterized by “factor fragmentation-boundary mismatch-corridor disruption-functional imbalance-feedback failure.” Accordingly, this study proposes the joint identification of regional values, the establishment of a governance framework consisting of three levels, namely “region-corridor-settlement,” differentiated mechanisms for functional access, and arrangements for sharing conservation benefits. Consultation among multiple stakeholders and dynamic evaluation should be incorporated throughout the processes of planning, construction, operation, and maintenance, thereby facilitating a transition from the conservation of individual settlements through separate projects to collaborative governance at the regional system level.